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Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center
Differences
  • See Also
    • Subtract
    • Accumulate
    • Ratios
    • ListConvolve
    • FoldList
    • DifferenceDelta
    • RecurrenceTable
    • EstimatedBackground
    • BlockMap
  • Related Guides
    • Math & Counting Operations on Lists
    • Discrete & Integer Data
    • Time Series Processes
    • List Manipulation
    • Data Transforms and Smoothing
    • Arithmetic Functions
    • GPU Computing
    • Time Series Processing
    • Discrete Calculus
    • Numerical Data
    • Applying Functions to Lists
    • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
    • Signal Processing
    • Signal Visualization & Analysis
    • See Also
      • Subtract
      • Accumulate
      • Ratios
      • ListConvolve
      • FoldList
      • DifferenceDelta
      • RecurrenceTable
      • EstimatedBackground
      • BlockMap
    • Related Guides
      • Math & Counting Operations on Lists
      • Discrete & Integer Data
      • Time Series Processes
      • List Manipulation
      • Data Transforms and Smoothing
      • Arithmetic Functions
      • GPU Computing
      • Time Series Processing
      • Discrete Calculus
      • Numerical Data
      • Applying Functions to Lists
      • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
      • Signal Processing
      • Signal Visualization & Analysis

Differences[list]

gives the successive differences of elements in list.

Differences[list,n]

gives the n^(th) differences of list.

Differences[list,n,s]

gives the differences of elements step s apart.

Differences[list,{n1,n2,…}]

gives the successive nk^(th) differences at level k in a nested list.

Details
Details and Options Details and Options
Examples  
Basic Examples  
Scope  
Applications  
Properties & Relations  
Possible Issues  
Neat Examples  
See Also
Related Guides
History
Cite this Page
BUILT-IN SYMBOL
  • See Also
    • Subtract
    • Accumulate
    • Ratios
    • ListConvolve
    • FoldList
    • DifferenceDelta
    • RecurrenceTable
    • EstimatedBackground
    • BlockMap
  • Related Guides
    • Math & Counting Operations on Lists
    • Discrete & Integer Data
    • Time Series Processes
    • List Manipulation
    • Data Transforms and Smoothing
    • Arithmetic Functions
    • GPU Computing
    • Time Series Processing
    • Discrete Calculus
    • Numerical Data
    • Applying Functions to Lists
    • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
    • Signal Processing
    • Signal Visualization & Analysis
    • See Also
      • Subtract
      • Accumulate
      • Ratios
      • ListConvolve
      • FoldList
      • DifferenceDelta
      • RecurrenceTable
      • EstimatedBackground
      • BlockMap
    • Related Guides
      • Math & Counting Operations on Lists
      • Discrete & Integer Data
      • Time Series Processes
      • List Manipulation
      • Data Transforms and Smoothing
      • Arithmetic Functions
      • GPU Computing
      • Time Series Processing
      • Discrete Calculus
      • Numerical Data
      • Applying Functions to Lists
      • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
      • Signal Processing
      • Signal Visualization & Analysis

Differences

Differences[list]

gives the successive differences of elements in list.

Differences[list,n]

gives the n^(th) differences of list.

Differences[list,n,s]

gives the differences of elements step s apart.

Differences[list,{n1,n2,…}]

gives the successive nk^(th) differences at level k in a nested list.

Details

  • Differences[list] is equivalent to ListConvolve[{1,-1},list]. »
  • If list has length l, Differences[list,n] has length l-n, or 0 if n>l. »
  • If list has length l, Differences[list,n,s] has length Ramp[l-ns]. »
  • Differences[m,{1,0}] or Differences[m,1] finds the successive differences of rows in a 2D array or matrix m. Differences[m,{0,1}] finds the differences of columns.
  • Differences[list,{n1,n2}] is equivalent to Differences[Differences[list,n1],{0,n2}].

Examples

open all close all

Basic Examples  (2)

First differences:

Second differences:

Scope  (4)

First differences:

The same thing, more verbosely:

Compute differences between elements two positions apart:

Compute differences between elements three positions apart:

Differences of rows, within each column:

Differences of columns, within each row:

Differences of a regularly sampled TimeSeries:

Compare to differencing the values:

Applications  (3)

Deduce the degree of a sequence by seeing when successive differences become constant:

Finite difference approximation to the Laplacian of a Gaussian:

Prices of a stock at close:

Find the daily differences between stock values at close:

Find the proportion of days with increase in price at close:

Properties & Relations  (6)

First differences are constant for a linear function:

Second differences are constant for a quadratic function:

Successive differences are progressively shorter:

If list has length l, Differences[list,n,s] has length Ramp[l-ns]:

Differences[list] is equivalent to Rest[list]-Most[list]:

It is also equivalent to ListConvolve[{1,-1},list]:

FoldList acts as an inverse of Differences:

Possible Issues  (1)

Differences of an irregularly sampled TimeSeries may differ from differences of the values:

Compare with Differences of the values:

Set TemporalRegularity to True and compute differences of the new time series:

Now the value differences agree:

Neat Examples  (2)

Successive differences mod 2 of a sequence based on the primes:

Pattern resembling Pascal's triangle:

See Also

Subtract  Accumulate  Ratios  ListConvolve  FoldList  DifferenceDelta  RecurrenceTable  EstimatedBackground  BlockMap

Function Repository: DifferencesBy  LogDifferences  ArithmeticProgression

Related Guides

    ▪
  • Math & Counting Operations on Lists
  • ▪
  • Discrete & Integer Data
  • ▪
  • Time Series Processes
  • ▪
  • List Manipulation
  • ▪
  • Data Transforms and Smoothing
  • ▪
  • Arithmetic Functions
  • ▪
  • GPU Computing
  • ▪
  • Time Series Processing
  • ▪
  • Discrete Calculus
  • ▪
  • Numerical Data
  • ▪
  • Applying Functions to Lists
  • ▪
  • GPU Computing with NVIDIA
  • ▪
  • Signal Processing
  • ▪
  • Signal Visualization & Analysis

History

Introduced in 2007 (6.0) | Updated in 2012 (9.0)

Wolfram Research (2007), Differences, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html (updated 2012).

Text

Wolfram Research (2007), Differences, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html (updated 2012).

CMS

Wolfram Language. 2007. "Differences." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2012. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (2007). Differences. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_differences, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Differences}", year="2012", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html}", note=[Accessed: 04-February-2026]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2025_differences, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Differences}, year={2012}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Differences.html}, note=[Accessed: 04-February-2026]}

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