Symbol reference · Galdrastafir

Frigg

/frɪɡ/Old Norse Frigg, feminine noun (genitive Friggjar)

The short answer

Odin's wife, the mother of Baldr and the foremost goddess of the Æsir. She knows the fates of men though she does not prophesy, and when Baldr dreamed of his death she took oaths from all things not to harm him, all except the young mistletoe.

Compiled by VikingsBrandLast reviewed 2 October 20265 cited sourcesCC BY 4.0: free to cite & reuse
Snorri calls Frigg the highest of the goddesses and names her father as Fjörgynn. She is Odin's wife, and Snorri says the family of the Æsir descends from the two of them. Her hall is Fensalir, which he calls very splendid. Snorri also names three goddesses who serve her: the maiden Fulla carries her casket, looks after her shoes and shares her secrets; Hlín guards the people Frigg wishes to protect from danger; and Gná rides the horse Hófvarpnir through sky and sea on Frigg's errands.
What the sources stress is her knowledge. Snorri says she knows the fates of men, though she does not prophesy, and quotes a verse in which Odin tells Loki so; in Lokasenna as it survives in the Codex Regius, a version of the same verse is spoken by Freyja (st. 29). In Vafþrúðnismál Odin asks her advice before visiting the wise giant Vafþrúðnir. She would rather keep him at home, then wishes him a safe journey. In the prose of Grímnismál she wagers with Odin over their two foster-sons and sends Fulla to warn King Geirröðr against a sorcerer. Her claim that Geirröðr starved and tormented his guests was false, the prose says, but the warning makes him seize and torture the stranger, who is Odin in disguise.
Her best-known story is Baldr's death. When Baldr dreamed of danger to his life, Frigg took oaths from fire and water, iron and every metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, animals, birds, poison and snakes that they would not harm him. Loki came to Fensalir disguised as a woman and learned from her that one young shoot west of Valhalla, the mistletoe, had seemed too young to ask for an oath. After Baldr was killed, Frigg asked who would ride the road to Hel to offer a ransom, and Hermóðr went. Völuspá says Frigg wept in Fensalir for Valhalla's woe (st. 33), and calls Odin's death at Ragnarök 'Hlín's second grief' (st. 53); since the same stanza calls Odin 'Frigg's beloved', Hlín is usually read there as another name for her.
She is older than the Icelandic texts. The Old English weekday Frīgedæg, Friday, carries the name of the matching goddess Frīg. The second Merseburg charm, written in the 10th century on a blank leaf of a 9th-century manuscript, names Friia and her sister Volla among those who charm a horse's injured foot. The 7th-century Origo gentis Langobardorum tells how Frea, wife of Godan, had the Winnili women wear their hair loose around their faces like beards, so that Godan named them Longbeards and gave them victory; Paul the Deacon retold it and called it a laughable tale. Ynglinga saga (ch. 3) adds that while Odin was long away, his brothers Vili and Vé both took Frigg as wife, and in Lokasenna Loki throws the same charge at her (st. 26).

Primary source Verbatim

Óðinn er æðstr ok elztr ásanna. Hann ræðr öllum hlutum, ok svá sem önnur goðin eru máttug, þá þjóna honum öll svá sem börn föður, en Frigg er kona hans, ok veit hon örlög manna, þótt hon segi eigi spár [...]

Odin is the highest and oldest of the Æsir. He rules all things, and mighty as the other gods are, they all serve him as children serve their father. And Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fates of men, though she does not prophesy [...]

GYLFAGINNING, ch. 20 · translation editorial ↗
Manuscript
Codex Regius of Snorra Edda (GKS 2367 4to)
Compiler
Snorri Sturluson
Place & date
Iceland, c. 1220 (manuscript early 14th c.)
Held at
Árni Magnússon Institute, Reykjavík

Etymology

Frigg Old Norse probably 'beloved' or 'wife', from Proto-Germanic *Frijjō; usually linked with the root of English 'free' and 'friend' and with Sanskrit priyā, 'beloved, wife'
Fensalir Old Norse 'fen halls' or 'marsh halls', from fen, 'fen, marsh', and salr, 'hall'

The same name lies behind Old English Frīg, whose day Frīgedæg became Friday, and Old High German Friia. Why her hall stands in a marsh is never explained.

Common misconceptions

Common claim What the record says
“Frigg is the mother of Thor and Loki.” Frigg's son is Baldr. Snorri makes Thor the son of Odin and Jörð, 'Earth', and his kennings call Jörð Frigg's rival (elja). Loki is the son of the giant Fárbauti and of Laufey, and no source has Frigg raise him. The Frigga who raises both is Marvel's: Thor's mother in the films, and Loki's adoptive mother.
“Friday is named after Freyja.” Old English Frīgedæg is the day of Frīg, the goddess who corresponds to Norse Frigg. The weekday name points to Frigg, not to Freyja.
“Frigg and Freyja are the same goddess.” The Norse sources keep them apart. Snorri lists both among the goddesses and says Freyja is the noblest of them together with Frigg; both speak at Ægir's feast in Lokasenna; and Oddrúnargrátr names 'Frigg and Freyja' side by side. Some scholars think both grew from one older Germanic goddess. That is a hypothesis, not what the sources say.

Frequently asked questions

Who is Frigg in Norse mythology?
The wife of Odin and the highest of the goddesses, according to Snorri. She lives in a splendid hall called Fensalir, and she knows the fates of men, though she does not tell them.
What is Frigg the goddess of?
The sources do not give her a single domain. They stress her rank as Odin's wife, her knowledge of fate and her role as Baldr's mother. Titles such as goddess of marriage are modern summaries. Two texts tie her to children and childbirth: in Volsunga saga she hears a childless king's prayer and tells Odin, and in Oddrunargratr a woman who has just given birth calls on Frigg and Freyja.
How did Frigg try to save Baldr?
When Baldr dreamed of his death, she took oaths from fire, water, metals, stones, trees, sicknesses, animals and poisons that they would not harm him. She left out the mistletoe because it seemed too young, and Loki tricked her into revealing it.
Are Frigg and Freyja the same goddess?
Not in any Norse source. Frigg is Odin's wife and Baldr's mother, while Freyja is the daughter of Njord and married to Od, and the two appear side by side in several texts. Some scholars think they share an older origin, but that is a hypothesis.
Is Friday named after Frigg?
Yes, most likely. Old English Frigedaeg means the day of Frig, the goddess who corresponds to Norse Frigg. More about the goddess is in our Frigg article.
Is Frigg Thor's mother?
No. Snorri says Thor is the son of Odin and Jord, whose name means Earth. Frigg's son is Baldr. Frigg as the mother of Thor comes from the Marvel films; in the comics she is his stepmother.

Bibliography

  1. 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 9, 20, 33, 35 and 49; Skáldskaparmál 19 and 24 in Faulkes' numbering), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. Also Heimskringla, Ynglinga saga ch. 3. heimskringla.no ↗
  2. 2. The Poetic Edda (Völuspá 33 and 53; Vafþrúðnismál 1–4; Grímnismál, prose introduction; Lokasenna 25–29; Oddrúnargrátr), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
  3. 3. Origo gentis Langobardorum, ch. 1, 7th c.; Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum I.8, late 8th c.; second Merseburg charm, Merseburg, Domstiftsbibliothek, Cod. 136, f. 85r, 10th c. la.wikisource.org ↗
  4. 4. Völsunga saga, ch. 2 (Frigg hears King Rerir's prayer for a child), 13th c. Ed. Guðni Jónsson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. heimskringla.no ↗
  5. 5. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Frigg'.

Cite this entry

VikingsBrand. “Frigg.” VikingsBrand Library, reviewed 2 October 2026, vikingsbrand.co/pages/library/frigg.