Symbol reference · Galdrastafir
Frigg
/frɪɡ/Old Norse Frigg, feminine noun (genitive Friggjar)
Odin's wife, the mother of Baldr and the foremost goddess of the Æsir. She knows the fates of men though she does not prophesy, and when Baldr dreamed of his death she took oaths from all things not to harm him, all except the young mistletoe.
What the sources stress is her knowledge. Snorri says she knows the fates of men, though she does not prophesy, and quotes a verse in which Odin tells Loki so; in Lokasenna as it survives in the Codex Regius, a version of the same verse is spoken by Freyja (st. 29). In Vafþrúðnismál Odin asks her advice before visiting the wise giant Vafþrúðnir. She would rather keep him at home, then wishes him a safe journey. In the prose of Grímnismál she wagers with Odin over their two foster-sons and sends Fulla to warn King Geirröðr against a sorcerer. Her claim that Geirröðr starved and tormented his guests was false, the prose says, but the warning makes him seize and torture the stranger, who is Odin in disguise.
Her best-known story is Baldr's death. When Baldr dreamed of danger to his life, Frigg took oaths from fire and water, iron and every metal, stones, earth, trees, sicknesses, animals, birds, poison and snakes that they would not harm him. Loki came to Fensalir disguised as a woman and learned from her that one young shoot west of Valhalla, the mistletoe, had seemed too young to ask for an oath. After Baldr was killed, Frigg asked who would ride the road to Hel to offer a ransom, and Hermóðr went. Völuspá says Frigg wept in Fensalir for Valhalla's woe (st. 33), and calls Odin's death at Ragnarök 'Hlín's second grief' (st. 53); since the same stanza calls Odin 'Frigg's beloved', Hlín is usually read there as another name for her.
She is older than the Icelandic texts. The Old English weekday Frīgedæg, Friday, carries the name of the matching goddess Frīg. The second Merseburg charm, written in the 10th century on a blank leaf of a 9th-century manuscript, names Friia and her sister Volla among those who charm a horse's injured foot. The 7th-century Origo gentis Langobardorum tells how Frea, wife of Godan, had the Winnili women wear their hair loose around their faces like beards, so that Godan named them Longbeards and gave them victory; Paul the Deacon retold it and called it a laughable tale. Ynglinga saga (ch. 3) adds that while Odin was long away, his brothers Vili and Vé both took Frigg as wife, and in Lokasenna Loki throws the same charge at her (st. 26).
Primary source Verbatim
Óðinn er æðstr ok elztr ásanna. Hann ræðr öllum hlutum, ok svá sem önnur goðin eru máttug, þá þjóna honum öll svá sem börn föður, en Frigg er kona hans, ok veit hon örlög manna, þótt hon segi eigi spár [...]
Odin is the highest and oldest of the Æsir. He rules all things, and mighty as the other gods are, they all serve him as children serve their father. And Frigg is his wife, and she knows the fates of men, though she does not prophesy [...]
GYLFAGINNING, ch. 20 · translation editorial ↗
Etymology
The same name lies behind Old English Frīg, whose day Frīgedæg became Friday, and Old High German Friia. Why her hall stands in a marsh is never explained.
Common misconceptions
Frequently asked questions
Who is Frigg in Norse mythology?
What is Frigg the goddess of?
How did Frigg try to save Baldr?
Are Frigg and Freyja the same goddess?
Is Friday named after Frigg?
Is Frigg Thor's mother?
Bibliography
- 1. Snorri Sturluson, Edda (Gylfaginning 9, 20, 33, 35 and 49; Skáldskaparmál 19 and 24 in Faulkes' numbering), c. 1220. Trans. Anthony Faulkes, Everyman, 1987. Also Heimskringla, Ynglinga saga ch. 3. heimskringla.no ↗
- 2. The Poetic Edda (Völuspá 33 and 53; Vafþrúðnismál 1–4; Grímnismál, prose introduction; Lokasenna 25–29; Oddrúnargrátr), Codex Regius, GKS 2365 4to, c. 1270. Trans. Carolyne Larrington, rev. ed., Oxford World's Classics, 2014. handrit.is ↗
- 3. Origo gentis Langobardorum, ch. 1, 7th c.; Paul the Deacon, Historia Langobardorum I.8, late 8th c.; second Merseburg charm, Merseburg, Domstiftsbibliothek, Cod. 136, f. 85r, 10th c. la.wikisource.org ↗
- 4. Völsunga saga, ch. 2 (Frigg hears King Rerir's prayer for a child), 13th c. Ed. Guðni Jónsson and Bjarni Vilhjálmsson, Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. heimskringla.no ↗
- 5. Rudolf Simek, Dictionary of Northern Mythology, trans. Angela Hall, D. S. Brewer, 1993, s.v. 'Frigg'.