Combined degassing from mid-ocean ridges and continental rifts outweigh volcanic arc emissions before 50 Ma, according to thermodynamic modelling coupled to tectonic reconstructions of carbon reservoir fluxes analysis.

Reduced sulfate aerosols due to ship fuel regulation may increase shortwave radiation on the Great Barrier Reef, exacerbating the impact of marine heatwaves on coral bleaching, according to model analysis of ship emission impacts on aerosols, clouds and solar radiation.

Salisbury Plain detrital zircon ages align with southern British rocks from the London Basin, indicating local sedimentary recycling without glaciogenic evidence, negating glacial transport of the Stonehenge blocks, according to detrital zircon and apatite U-Pb isotopic fingerprinting of stream sediments across the Salisbury Plain.

A high-resolution estimate finds about 300,000 cubic kilometers of accessible groundwater across North America, which reduces uncertainty in freshwater distribution and bridges gaps between remote sensing and field data.

Water-borne invasions of the golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, can become more widely distributed where inland basins are connected by humanmediated channels, according to an ensemble framework combining niche and dispersal models.

A study of 19 major Chinese urban agglomerations finds poor or uneven coordination between 3D urbanization and ecosystem services, using coupling coordination degree across intra-, peri-, and tele-coupling scales.

The recent increase in Antarctic Ice Sheet mass is driven by enhanced precipitation from frequent atmospheric rivers, stronger westerlies, and reduced sea ice, which together offset ice loss from outlet glacier discharge, according to reanalysis and regional climate modelling.

In Mato Grosso, Brazil, an increase in profits from safrinha corn indirectly increases land values and forest loss, and these effects persist for several years after a shift in profits, according to an analysis that combines crop, cost, and yield data with a statistical model.

El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability was not only stronger during the deglaciation but also correlated with North Atlantic records of iceberg discharge, according to analysis of finely laminated sediments from the Peruvian margin.

Amazonian fog samples contain viable microbes, suggesting fog plays a role microbial dispersal, colonization and nutrient cycling, according to analyses of fog samples from a tall tower observatory.

Freshwater ecosystems produce methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and ponds on agricultural land are particularly strong emitters. Dr Malerba and colleagues used maps of agricultural ponds and compiled data on their emissions to produce assessments of methane emissions from agricultural ponds for both the USA and Australia. They found emissions twice as high as were initially being accounted for under national inventories, highlighting the need to account for this source in national inventories.

Vehicle emission standards have long been based on laboratory tests. This comment argues that policymakers now can and should regulate vehicles also based on real-world data. Europe’s performance-based regulation of plug-in hybrid vehicles can help develop more adaptive and evidence-based policies for transportation, energy, and environment.

On 28 May 2025, twenty million cubic metres of rock and ice buried the medieval village of Blatten and nearby settlements in the Swiss Lötschen valley. In the wake of the warmest decade since at least 742 CE, the disaster underlines the impact of climate warming on people and heritage.

Marine heatwaves threaten vulnerable ecosystems and are intrinsically linked to a warming climate. Dr Athanase and colleagues performed coupled climate model simulations and found that future climate change could create a feedback loop, increasing the intensity and spatial extent of marine heatwaves. For example, in a future + 4 °C warmer climate, global oceans could be + 1.9 °C warmer than present levels, while warming in Northeast Pacific marine heatwaves could be + 2.9 ± 0.15 °C above present levels. This work demonstrates the stress that future climate warming could play on marine ecosystems.

The research infrastructure of Earth science depends fundamentally on international cooperation, open-data exchange, and long-term institutional support. This Comment argues that growing global threats to science could initiate the erosion of the complex, collective understanding of planetary systems that underpins climate policy.

Wildfires are becoming one of the defining climate-related crises of the twenty-first century. We argue that their inclusion in the Loss & Damage framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is essential to support prevention, recovery and justice for the most affected communities.