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Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center
Function
  • See Also
    • Apply
    • Construct
    • CurryApplied
    • ApplyTo
    • CompiledFunction
    • InterpolatingFunction
    • Slot
    • SlotSequence
    • FunctionCompile
    • IncrementalFunction

    • Characters
    • \[Function]
  • Related Guides
    • Functional Programming
    • Scoping Constructs
    • Attributes
    • Function Composition & Operator Forms
    • Wolfram Language Syntax
    • Computation with Structured Datasets
    • Language Overview
    • Combinatory Logic
  • Workflows
    • Apply a Function to Cells in a Notebook
  • Tech Notes
    • Pure Functions
    • Variables in Pure Functions and Rules
    • Some General Notations and Conventions
    • See Also
      • Apply
      • Construct
      • CurryApplied
      • ApplyTo
      • CompiledFunction
      • InterpolatingFunction
      • Slot
      • SlotSequence
      • FunctionCompile
      • IncrementalFunction

      • Characters
      • \[Function]
    • Related Guides
      • Functional Programming
      • Scoping Constructs
      • Attributes
      • Function Composition & Operator Forms
      • Wolfram Language Syntax
      • Computation with Structured Datasets
      • Language Overview
      • Combinatory Logic
    • Workflows
      • Apply a Function to Cells in a Notebook
    • Tech Notes
      • Pure Functions
      • Variables in Pure Functions and Rules
      • Some General Notations and Conventions

body& or Function[body]

is a pure (or "anonymous") function. The formal parameters are # (or #1), #2, etc.

x|->body or xbody or Function[x,body]

is a pure function with a single formal parameter x.

{x1,x2,…}|->body or {x1,x2,…}body or Function[{x1,x2,…},body]

is a pure function with a list of formal parameters.

Function[params,body,attrs]

is a pure function that is treated as having attributes attrs for purposes of evaluation.

Details
Details and Options Details and Options
Examples  
Basic Examples  
Scope  
Use a Pure Function as an Argument  
Use a Pure Function as an Option Value  
Return a Pure Function as a Result  
Function and Associations  
Generalizations & Extensions  
Applications  
Properties & Relations  
Possible Issues  
Neat Examples  
See Also
Tech Notes
Related Guides
Related Workflows
Related Links
History
Cite this Page
BUILT-IN SYMBOL
  • See Also
    • Apply
    • Construct
    • CurryApplied
    • ApplyTo
    • CompiledFunction
    • InterpolatingFunction
    • Slot
    • SlotSequence
    • FunctionCompile
    • IncrementalFunction

    • Characters
    • \[Function]
  • Related Guides
    • Functional Programming
    • Scoping Constructs
    • Attributes
    • Function Composition & Operator Forms
    • Wolfram Language Syntax
    • Computation with Structured Datasets
    • Language Overview
    • Combinatory Logic
  • Workflows
    • Apply a Function to Cells in a Notebook
  • Tech Notes
    • Pure Functions
    • Variables in Pure Functions and Rules
    • Some General Notations and Conventions
    • See Also
      • Apply
      • Construct
      • CurryApplied
      • ApplyTo
      • CompiledFunction
      • InterpolatingFunction
      • Slot
      • SlotSequence
      • FunctionCompile
      • IncrementalFunction

      • Characters
      • \[Function]
    • Related Guides
      • Functional Programming
      • Scoping Constructs
      • Attributes
      • Function Composition & Operator Forms
      • Wolfram Language Syntax
      • Computation with Structured Datasets
      • Language Overview
      • Combinatory Logic
    • Workflows
      • Apply a Function to Cells in a Notebook
    • Tech Notes
      • Pure Functions
      • Variables in Pure Functions and Rules
      • Some General Notations and Conventions

Function

body& or Function[body]

is a pure (or "anonymous") function. The formal parameters are # (or #1), #2, etc.

x|->body or xbody or Function[x,body]

is a pure function with a single formal parameter x.

{x1,x2,…}|->body or {x1,x2,…}body or Function[{x1,x2,…},body]

is a pure function with a list of formal parameters.

Function[params,body,attrs]

is a pure function that is treated as having attributes attrs for purposes of evaluation.

Details

  • When Function[body] or body& is applied to a set of arguments, # (or #1) is replaced by the first argument, #2 by the second, and so on. #0 is replaced by the function itself.
  • If there are more arguments supplied than # i in the function, the remaining arguments are ignored. »
  • ## stands for the sequence of all arguments supplied. »
  • ## n stands for arguments from number n onward. »
  • When applied to an association, #name is equivalent to #["name"], and picks out elements in the association.
  • In the form #name, the characters in name can be any combination of alphanumeric characters not beginning with digits.
  • The character  is entered as |->, fn or \[Function].
  • Function is analogous to λ in LISP or formal logic.
  • Function has attribute HoldAll. The function body is evaluated only after the formal parameters have been replaced by arguments.
  • The named formal parameters xi in Function[{x1,…},body] are treated as local, and are renamed xi$ when necessary to avoid confusion with actual arguments supplied to the function. »
  • Function constructs can be nested in any way. Each is treated as a scoping construct, with named inner variables being renamed if necessary. »
  • In Function[params,body,attrs], attrs can be a single attribute or a list of attributes. »
  • Function[Null,body,attrs] represents a function in which the parameters in body are given using # etc.

Examples

open all close all

Basic Examples  (4)

Pure function with one parameter:

Pure function with two parameters:

Set to be a pure function:

Use the pure function:

Pick out named arguments from an association:

Scope  (15)

Use a Pure Function as an Argument  (5)

Map a pure function over a list:

Select with a pure function:

Use a pure function as a predicate:

Create an array from a pure function:

Sort by comparing the second part of each element:

Use a Pure Function as an Option Value  (3)

Specify a custom comparison function in FixedPoint:

Specify a custom color function:

Provide a custom distance function:

Return a Pure Function as a Result  (4)

Derivative of a pure function:

Derivative of Tan:

Solutions of differential equations may be expressed as pure functions:

Difference equations may return pure functions:

Function and Associations  (3)

#name is effectively a short form of #["name"]:

#name always refers to the association in the first argument:

Extract from an association slot other than the first:

Generalizations & Extensions  (4)

## stands for all arguments:

## n stands for arguments n and onward:

Create a pure function with attribute Listable:

#0 stands for the whole pure function:

A recursive definition for factorial using #0:

Applications  (3)

Turn a function that takes several arguments into one that takes a list of arguments:

A function that returns a function that multiplies its argument by n:

Preserve arguments in unevaluated form:

Properties & Relations  (11)

#1 uses only the first argument supplied; the rest are ignored:

Not using any arguments results in a constant pure function:

Replacements can be done inside pure functions:

Formal parameters are renamed whenever there is a possibility of confusion:

The names of the parameters do not matter:

However, reusing a name introduces a new scope:

Nested functions take their arguments one at a time:

f[#]& is the same as simply f in the univariate case:

In general, f[##]& is the same as f:

Turn a formula involving a variable into a pure function:

Use a formula in Table:

Use the corresponding pure function in an equivalent Array expression:

Special-purpose function constructs include InterpolatingFunction:

CompiledFunction:

NearestFunction:

LinearSolveFunction:

Possible Issues  (4)

& binds more loosely than ->, so it usually needs parentheses in rules:

& binds more loosely than ?, so it usually needs parentheses in pattern tests:

Function does not evaluate its body until the function is applied:

Supplying fewer than the required number of arguments generates an error:

Neat Examples  (2)

Define the recursion operator of recursion theory [more info]:

Use it to define the factorial function:

Newton's formula for finding a zero of a function:

See Also

Apply  Construct  CurryApplied  ApplyTo  CompiledFunction  InterpolatingFunction  Slot  SlotSequence  FunctionCompile  IncrementalFunction

Characters: \[Function]

Function Repository: ExpressionToFunction

Tech Notes

    ▪
  • Pure Functions
  • ▪
  • Variables in Pure Functions and Rules
  • ▪
  • Some General Notations and Conventions

Related Guides

    ▪
  • Functional Programming
  • ▪
  • Scoping Constructs
  • ▪
  • Attributes
  • ▪
  • Function Composition & Operator Forms
  • ▪
  • Wolfram Language Syntax
  • ▪
  • Computation with Structured Datasets
  • ▪
  • Language Overview
  • ▪
  • Combinatory Logic

Related Workflows

    Related Workflows
    ▪
  • Apply a Function to Cells in a Notebook

Related Links

  • Fast Introduction for Programmers: Pure Functions
  • An Elementary Introduction to the Wolfram Language : Pure Anonymous Functions
  • NKS|Online  (A New Kind of Science)

History

Introduced in 1988 (1.0) | Updated in 2008 (7.0) ▪ 2014 (10.0) ▪ 2020 (12.2)

Wolfram Research (1988), Function, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html (updated 2020).

Text

Wolfram Research (1988), Function, Wolfram Language function, https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html (updated 2020).

CMS

Wolfram Language. 1988. "Function." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. Last Modified 2020. https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html.

APA

Wolfram Language. (1988). Function. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html

BibTeX

@misc{reference.wolfram_2025_function, author="Wolfram Research", title="{Function}", year="2020", howpublished="\url{https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html}", note=[Accessed: 04-February-2026]}

BibLaTeX

@online{reference.wolfram_2025_function, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={Function}, year={2020}, url={https://reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Function.html}, note=[Accessed: 04-February-2026]}

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