[build] Update minimum requirement for CMAKE

[linull24]

Issue: #8673

Brief Summary

copilot:summary
This PR resolves CMake 4.0 compilation failures by standardizing the minimum required version to 3.17 across all submodules (TaichiExamples/TaichiCAPITests/TaichiCAPI/TaichiTests), ensuring compatibility with modern Linux distributions.

Walkthrough

copilot:walkthrough

Context

• CMake 4.0 dropped legacy support (including CMake 3.5) causing build failures on updated distros
• Reference: CMake Version Policy

Changes Made

1. Updated version requirement in:
   • TaichiExamples.cmake
   • TaichiCAPITests.cmake
   • TaichiCAPI.cmake
   • TaichiTests.cmake
2. Unified requirement to CMake 3.17 (already the de facto standard)

Impact Analysis

• No breaking changes (3.17 was already the effective minimum)
• Improves forward compatibility
• Affects only build system configuration

Verification

• No new tests needed (version requirement change only)
• Confirmed via manual build testing

Additional Notes

• Aligns with CMake's modern version policy
• Prevents future issues on rolling-release distros
• Maintains backward compatibility

I sincerely apologize for the additional PR noise (#8701, #8678). Due to my initial lack of Git proficiency, I inadvertently created redundant PRs while attempting to sync with upstream. This new PR (#8703) consolidates all changes with proper rebasing.

Thank you for your patience, and I appreciate your guidance throughout this process.

[hughperkins]

Note: @linull24

• I might have been wrong to suggest you needed to merge from master, since /rebase should already handle t hat I think :)
• the builds are a little flaky. when somethign fails:
  • check the build logs
    • if it's related to your change, then fix that
    • otherwise, if you are sure it's not from your own change, then I would recommend restarting the build
      • you can do that by pushing a dummy commit:

git commit -m "dummy" --allow-empty
git push

[hughperkins]

In this case, looks like a bot runner failure:

[CLAassistant]

All committers have signed the CLA.

[linull24]

I've seen #8697.After four dummy commits , and it finally worked.🤣🤣🤣.
May I just need some patience.

[hughperkins]

@linull24 Looks like an temporary infa issue:

Probably good to retry another dummy commit.

[linull24]

@hughperkins please review

[hughperkins]

Hi @linull24 I'm just a bystander, and have no access to merge, but the changes look great to me. You're just going to have to keep pushing dummy commits until the tests pass I feel :). It might take a few days. I think the PR is very useful, to avoid error messages about cmake version :)

[feisuzhu]

/rebase