Surgical menopause occurs in premenopausal women who undergo radical cystectomy with bilateral oophorectomy. Here, the pathophysiology and current strategies to mitigate symptoms are discussed.
This Review synthesizes current evidence on the urinary microbiome in overactive bladder and bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, focusing on translational relevance. The authors discussed mechanistic links to symptoms and emerging interventions. Integration into clinical practice is also discussed, highlighting crucial gaps in causality, biomarkers and therapeutic targeting.
