Understanding Synthetic Assets in Finance: Definition and Types

What Is a Synthetic Asset?

A synthetic asset is a financial security that is designed to mimic the performance of another security while altering key characteristics of that underlying security, like duration and cash flow. Because they're built to meet specific needs, synthetic assets can provide investors with customized cash flows, risk levels, and maturities. Traders often use synthetic positions for options because the process is more streamlined and simpler than using the actual security.

How Synthetic Financial Instruments Work

Synthetics often provide tailored cash flow patterns, maturities, and risk profiles. They are structured to suit the needs of the investor. There are many different reasons behind the creation of synthetic positions:

• A synthetic position can be used to replicate the payoff of a financial instrument using different instruments.
• A trader may choose to create a synthetic short position using options because it is easier than borrowing stock and selling it short. This also applies to long positions, as traders can mimic a long position in a stock using options without having to lay out the capital to actually purchase the stock.

For example, you can create a synthetic option position by purchasing a call option and simultaneously selling (writing) a put option on the same stock. If both options have the same strike price, let's say $45, this strategy would have the same result as purchasing the underlying security at $45 when the options expire or are exercised. The call option gives the buyer the right to purchase the underlying security at the strike, and the put option obligates the seller to purchase the underlying security from the put buyer.

If the market price of the underlying security increases above the strike price, the call buyer will exercise their option to purchase the security at $45, realizing the profit. On the other hand, if the price falls below the strike, the put buyer will exercise their right to sell to the put seller who is obligated to buy the underlying security at $45. So the synthetic option position would have the same fate as a true investment in the stock, but without the capital outlay. This is a bullish trade; a bearish trade involves selling a call and buying a put.

Exploring Synthetic Cash Flows and Custom Financial Products

Synthetic products are more complex because they are usually custom-built through contracts. There are two main types of generic securities investments:

1. Those that pay income
2. Those that pay in price appreciation.

Some securities straddle a line, such as a dividend paying stock that also experiences appreciation. For most investors, a convertible bond is as synthetic as things need to get.

Convertible bonds are ideal for companies that want to issue debt at a lower rate. The goal of the issuer is to drive demand for a bond without increasing the interest rate or the amount it must pay for the debt. The attractiveness of being able to switch debt for the stock if it takes off attracts investors that want steady income but are willing to forgo a few points of that for the potential of appreciation. Different features can be added to the convertible bond to sweeten the offer. Some convertible bonds offer principal protection. Other convertible bonds offer increased income in exchange for a lower conversion factor. These features act as incentives for bondholders.

Imagine, however, an institutional investor that wants a convertible bond for a company that has never issued one. To fulfill this market demand, investment bankers work directly with the institutional investor to create a synthetic convertible purchasing the parts—in this case, bonds and a long-term call option—to fit the specific characteristics that the institutional investor wants. Most synthetic products are composed of a bond or fixed income product, which is intended to safeguard the principal investment, and an equity component, which is intended to achieve alpha.

Different Types of Synthetic Financial Assets

Products used for synthetic products can be assets or derivatives, but synthetic products themselves are inherently derivatives. That is, the cash flows they produce are derived from other assets. There’s even an asset class known as synthetic derivatives. These are the securities that are reverse engineered to follow the cash flows of a single security.

Synthetic CDOs, for example, invest in credit default swaps. The synthetic CDO is divided into tranches, each offering different risk profiles to large investors. These products can offer significant returns, but their structure can expose tranche holders to undervalued contractual liabilities. The innovation behind synthetic products has been a boon to global finance, but events like the financial crisis of 2007-09 suggest that the creators and buyers of synthetic products are not as well-informed as one would hope.

The Bottom Line

Synthetics simulate other instruments while altering characteristics like cash flow and duration. They are an extremely useful tool for traders, enabling them to establish synthetic positions without committing capital to buy or sell underlying assets. Synthetic assets have been designed to meet particular investment needs, such as convertible bonds for income and growth potential. However, they also pose risks to investors, such as liquidity and market risks. In addition, they are complex instruments that many investors may not understand and should, therefore, avoid.