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First published online December 1, 2014

Shallow Gamification: Testing Psychological Effects of Framing an Activity as a Game

Andreas Lieberoth [email protected]
Volume 10, Issue 3
https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412014559978

Abstract

This article experimentally dissociates the psychological impact of framing versus game mechanics, when presenting a serious activity as a game. Studies of game elements in nongame contexts tend to describe full packages, with no way of assessing their individual psychological and functional impact. To isolate the effects of framing, students (N = 90) were assigned to either discuss study environment issues through a list of questions, via a competitive discussion board game, or though the same game artifacts but with no game mechanics. Task engagement and self-reported intrinsic motivation were compared between groups. Results demonstrate that the effects of simply framing the activity as a game though vernacular and artifacts holds almost as much psychological power as the full game mechanics. In both game conditions, interest and enjoyment were significantly superior to controls, but other intrinsic motivation variables remained unchanged. Implications for game design in nongame contexts are discussed, and a framework for differentiating “deep and shallow gamification” in terms of mechanics and framing is developed.

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Biographies

Andreas Lieberoth is an applied game psychology researcher at the Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University and an associated researcher and game designer at the Centre for Community Driven Research (CODER). His PhD was in cognitive and educational psychology. He has (co-)designed several games, both digital and analogue. His academic work centers on the social psychology and cognitive neuroscience of gaming, especially in the context of game-based learning and citizen cyberscience, with current focus on dissociating the individual psychologically functional elements of game designs.
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Published In

Volume 10, Issue 3
Pages: 229 - 248
Article first published online: December 1, 2014
Issue published: May 2015

Keywords

  1. gamification
  2. framing
  3. serious games
  4. game psychology
  5. game mechanics
  6. intrinsic motivation
  7. experiment

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History

Published online: December 1, 2014
Issue published: May 2015

Authors

Affiliations

Andreas Lieberoth
School of Business and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Interacting Minds Center (IMC), Aarhus University, Denmark
Center for Community Driven Research (CODER) Aarhus University, Denmark
[email protected]
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Notes

Andreas Lieberoth, School of Business and Social Sciences, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 16, Aarhus N, DK-8000, Denmark. Email: [email protected]

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