World War I coalition that consisted primarily of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, the “central” European states that were at war from August 1914 against France and Britain on the Western Front and against Russia on the Eastern Front. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers on Oct. 29, 1914. Bulgaria came in on Oct. 14, 1915.
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...to help its Slavic brother, Serbia, then a general European conflict would ensue. This was acceptable to the German government both because of its pessimism about the long-term strength of the Central Powers (i.e., the German Empire and Austria-Hungary) and because the civilian population could be expected to rally to the war effort if tsarist Russia appeared to bear much of the...
those nations allied in opposition to the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey) in World War I or to the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in World War II.
...War I began, Bulgaria declared strict neutrality, but the tsar and a Germanophile government under Vasil Radoslavov encouraged both sides to bid for Bulgarian intervention. In this contest, the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary and the German empire) could offer far more at the expense of Serbia, Greece, and, later, Romania, than could the Triple Entente (an alliance of Great Britain, France,...
In 1914 Enver, as minister of war, was instrumental in the signing of a defensive alliance with Germany against Russia. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), Enver cooperated closely with German officers serving in the Ottoman army. His military plans included Pan-Turkic (or Pan-Turanian) schemes for uniting the Turkic peoples of Russian...
...ones to international arbitration. Once conflict had been forced upon the peninsula, Montenegro declared war with reluctance in early August, Bulgaria stood aside until committing itself to the Central Powers in September 1915, Romania was not persuaded to join the Allied Powers until 1916, and Albania was powerless to avoid partitioning by the warring parties. Moreover, the Balkans were...
peace treaties signed at Brest-Litovsk (now in Belarus) by the Central Powers with the Ukrainian Republic (Feb. 9, 1918) and with Soviet Russia (March 3, 1918), which concluded hostilities between those countries during World War I. Peace negotiations, which the Soviet government had requested on Nov. 8, 1917, began on December 22. They were divided into several sessions, during which the...
The Allies refused to recognize the Soviet government; consequently it entered alone into peace negotiations with the Central Powers (Germany and her allies Austro-Hungary and Turkey) at the town of Brest-Litovsk. They imposed ruinous conditions that would strip away from Soviet Russia the western tier of non-Russian nations of the old Russian Empire. Left Communists fanatically opposed...
One of Lenin’s highest priorities on coming to power was ending the war with the Central Powers. He feared that Russian soldiers, eager to return home to share in the distribution of looted land, would topple his regime if it continued the war. He also believed that an armistice on the Eastern Front would spark mutinies and strikes in the west, making it possible for the Bolsheviks to take...
...the Poles. Józef Piłsudski, distancing himself from socialist politics, became a military leader and commander of a brigade that fought on the Austrian side. His cooperation with the Central Powers was tactical, part of his pursuit of the goal of complete independence. Expecting a collapse of the three partitioners, he prepared for a Polish fait accompli. In 1915 the Germans and...
When the Central Powers launched a spring offensive in 1915, therefore, the Russian army was already short of munitions. The Germans and Austrians were able to occupy the whole of Poland and begin advancing into the western provinces and the Baltic region, unleashing a flood of refugees, who aggravated the already serious transport situation.
...republic and formed a rival government. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks launched an offensive in the Left Bank and advanced on Kiev. The Central Rada, already engaged in peace negotiations with the Central Powers, from whom it hoped for military assistance, proclaimed the total independence of Ukraine on January 22; on the same day, it passed a law establishing national autonomy for Ukraine’s...
...when enmity between Germany and France polarized Europe into two rival alliances. By 1910 most of the major states of Europe belonged to one or the other of these great opposing alliances: the Central Powers, whose principal members were Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the Allies, composed of France, Russia, and Great Britain. This bipolar system had a destabilizing effect, since conflict...
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World War I coalition that consisted primarily of the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, the “central” European states that were at war from August 1914 against France and Britain on the Western Front and against Russia on the Eastern Front. The Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Central Powers on Oct. 29, 1914. Bulgaria came in on Oct. 14, 1915.
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...War I began, Bulgaria declared strict neutrality, but the tsar and a Germanophile government under Vasil Radoslavov encouraged both sides to bid for Bulgarian intervention. In this contest, the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary and the German empire) could offer far more at the expense of Serbia, Greece, and, later, Romania, than could the Triple Entente (an alliance of Great Britain, France,...
In 1914 Enver, as minister of war, was instrumental in the signing of a defensive alliance with Germany against Russia. When the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), Enver cooperated closely with German officers serving in the Ottoman army. His military plans included Pan-Turkic (or Pan-Turanian) schemes for uniting the Turkic peoples of Russian...
...ones to international arbitration. Once conflict had been forced upon the peninsula, Montenegro declared war with reluctance in early August, Bulgaria stood aside until committing itself to the Central Powers in September 1915, Romania was not persuaded to join the Allied Powers until 1916, and Albania was powerless to avoid partitioning by the warring parties. Moreover, the Balkans were...
peace treaties signed at Brest-Litovsk (now in Belarus) by the Central Powers with the Ukrainian Republic...
one of the many warring states into which China was divided during the Eastern Chou period (770–221 bc). The state was located in what is now Shansi province, in north-central China. Wei was originally a vassal kingdom that was annexed by the neighbouring state of Chin in 661 bc. The latter kingdom was formally divided in 403 bc into three smaller kingdoms, those of Wei, Han, and Chao. Wei thus became one of the seven powers during the Warring States period (475–221 bc) of Chinese history. Wei embarked on several successful military campaigns against its neighbours in the first half of the 4th century, but it began to go into decline after losing an important battle against the state of Ch’i in 341 bc. Wei was conquered and annexed by the state of Ch’in in 225 bc.
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
Until the 5th century bc, China was dominated by the central-plain power Wei, a successor to Jin, and by the eastern power Qi, a wealthy state with a new ruling house. Qin remained a secondary power until after the great reforms of Xiaogong (361–338 bc) and Shang Yang (Wei Yang).
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
There is a gradual transition between the Cordillera Central and the lower Sierra de Cayey farther east, the peaks of which rise to 3,000 feet (900 m). The central mountains have more granitic outcrops than do the western mountains. The rivers of both the Cordillera Central and the Sierra de Cayey, notably the Arecibo, La Plata, and Loíza, are used extensively for hydroelectric power and...
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
Electric energy generated at a central power station is transmitted to bulk delivery points, or substations, from which it is distributed to consumers. Transmission is accomplished by an extensive network of high-voltage power lines, including overhead wires and underground and submarine cables. Voltages higher than those suitable for power plant generators are required when transmitting...
Aspects of this topic are discussed in the following places at Britannica.
...had also served in Bokassa’s government. As opposition grew, followed by labour strikes and bomb attacks, Dacko increasingly depended on the army to retain power. Finally, in September 1981, General André Kolingba removed Dacko from office in a bloodless coup and established a military government.
