
Dow Jones
Industrial Average History
Global
Financial Data provides a complete history of the Dow Jones Industrial Average
back to 1885. The Dow index was first calculated in 1884, and records of the
Dow Jones indices go back to 1885. Charles Dow published his initial market
average on July 3rd, 1884 in the "Customer's Afternoon Letter". Below
is a list of the stocks that have made up the Dow Jones Industrial Average at
different points in time from 1885 to 2001.
The
first group of stocks included 9 railroad stocks and 2 industrial stocks and
was published on July 3, 1884
Chicago
& Northwestern
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Lake Shore
Louisville & Nashville
Missouri Pacific
New York Central
Northern Pacific preferred
Pacific Mail Steamship
St. Paul Union Pacific
Western Union
A list of 12 railroads and two industrials was published on
February 16, 1885
Central
Pacific
Central Railroad of New Jersey
Chicago Milwaukee & St. Paul
Chicago & North Western
Delaware & Hudson Canal
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Lake Shore Railroad
Louisville & Nashville
Missouri Pacific
New York Central
Northern Pacific preferred
Pacific Mail Steamship
Union Pacific
Western Union
On January 2, 1886, the above list was replaced by an
Average of 12 stocks, 10 of which were railroads and two of which were
industrials.
Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul
Chicago & North Western
Delaware & Hudson Canal
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Lake Shore Railroad
Louisville & Nashville
Missouri Pacific
New York Central
Northern Pacific preferred
Pacific Mail Steamship
Union Pacific
Western Union
On April 9, 1894, three new stocks were added and three were
deleted.
American
Sugar
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Chicago & North Western
Chicago Rock Island & Pacific
Delaware & Hudson Canal
Delaware, Lackawanna & Western
Louisville & Nashville
Missouri Pacific
Northern Pacific preferred
Union Pacific
Western Union Telegraph
On
May 26, 1896, Charles Dow introduced the first index that was devoted
exclusively to Industrial Stocks. The is the first Dow Jones Industrial list:
American
Cotton Oil
American Tobacco
Chicago Gas
Distilling and Cattle Feeding
General Electric
Laclede Gas
North American
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
August
26, 1896
American
Cotton Oil
American Tobacco
Chicago Gas
American Spirits Manufacturing (formerly Distilling and Cattle Feeding)
General Electric
Laclede Gas
U.S. Cordage preferred
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
October 19, 1896
American
Cotton Oil
American Spirits Manufacturing
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Chicago Gas
General Electric
Laclede Gas
National Lead
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Cordage preferred
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
November 10, 1896
American
Cotton Oil
American Spirits Manufacturing
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Chicago Gas
General Electric
Laclede Gas
National Lead
Pacific Mail Steamship (replaces U.S. Rubber)
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Cordage preferred
U.S. Leather preferred
December 23, 1896
American
Cotton Oil
American Spirits Manufacturing
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Chicago Gas
General Electric
Laclede Gas
National Lead
Pacific Mail Steamship
Standard Rope & Twine (replaced U.S. Cordage preferred)
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
March 24, 1898
American
Cotton Oil
American Spirits Manufacturing
American Sugar
American Tobacco
General Electric
Laclede Gas
National Lead
Pacific Mail Steamship
People's Gas (replaces Chicago Gas)
Standard Rope & Twine
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
September 1898
American
Cotton Oil
American Spirits Manufacturing
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Laclede Gas
National Lead
Pacific Mail Steamship
People's Gas
Standard Rope & Twine
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber (replaces General Electric)
April 21, 1899
American
Cotton Oil
American Steel & Wire
American Sugar
Continental Tobacco
Federal Steel
General Electric
National Lead
Pacific Mail Steamship
People's Gas
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
April 1, 1901
Amalgamated
Copper
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Continental Tobacco
International Paper preferred
National Lead
People's Gas
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
July 1, 1901
Amalgamated
Copper
American Car & Foundry
American Sugar
Colorado Fuel & Iron
National Lead
People's Gas
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Leather preferred
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
April 1, 1905
Amalgamated
Copper
American Car & Foundry
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Colorado Fuel & Iron
National Lead
People's Gas
Tennessee Coal & Iron
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Rubber first preferred (replaces U.S. Leather preferred)
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
November 7, 1907
Amalgamated
Copper
American Car & Foundry
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Colorado Fuel & Iron
General Electric (replaces Tennessee Coal and Iron)
National Lead
People's Gas
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Rubber first preferred
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
May 12, 1912
Amalgamated
Copper
American Car & Foundry
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Central Leather (replaces Colorado Fuel and Iron)
General Electric
National Lead
People's Gas
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Rubber first preferred
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
March 16, 1915
Amalgamated
Copper
American Car & Foundry
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Central Leather
General Electric
General Motors (replaces U.S. Rubber first preferred)
National Lead
People's Gas
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
July 29, 1915
American
Car & Foundry
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
Anaconda Copper (replaces Amalgamated Copper)
Central Leather
General Electric
General Motors
National Lead
People's Gas
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
U.S. Steel preferred
On
October 4, 1916, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was revised. The new index
included only common stocks, and the number of stocks was expanded from 12
stocks to 20 stocks. The series was calculated back to December 12, 1914 when
the New York Stock Exchange reopened after closing at the beginning of World
War I.
October
4, 1916
American
Beet Sugar
American Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting & Refining
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
Anaconda Copper
Baldwin Locomotive
Central Leather
General Electric
Goodrich
Republic Iron & Steel
Studebaker
Texas Company
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Utah Copper
Western Union
Westinghouse
March 1, 1920
American
Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
Anaconda Copper
Baldwin Locomotive
Central Leather
Corn Products (replaces American Beet Sugar)
General Electric
Goodrich
Republic Iron & Steel
Studebaker
Texas Company
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Utah Copper
Western Union
Westinghouse
January 22, 1924
American
Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
Anaconda Copper
Baldwin Locomotive
Du Pont
General Electric
Mack Trucks
Republic Iron & Steel
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Studebaker
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Utah Copper
Western Union
Westinghouse
February 6, 1924
American
Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone and Telegraph
American Tobacco
Anaconda Copper
Baldwin Locomotive
Du Pont
General Electric
Mack Trucks
Republic Iron & Steel
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Standard Oil of California (replaces Utah Copper)
Studebaker
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Westinghouse
May 12, 1924
American
Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone and Telegraph
American Tobacco
Anaconda Copper
Baldwin Locomotive
Du Pont
General Electric
Mack Trucks
Sears Roebuck and Co.
Standard Oil of California
Studebaker non - par (replaces old Studebaker stock)
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Westinghouse
Woolworth (replaces Republic Iron and Steel)
August 31, 1925
American
Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
General Electric
General Motors
International Harvester
Kennecott
Mack Trucks
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Texas Company
U.S. Realty
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Westinghouse
Woolworth
December 7, 1925
Allied
Chemical
American Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
General Electric
General Motors
International Harvester
Kennecott
Mack Trucks
Paramount Famous Lasky
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Texas Company
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Woolworth
December 31, 1925
Allied
Chemical
American Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
General Electric
General Motors
International Harvester
Mack Trucks
Paramount Famous Lasky
Remington Typewriter
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Texas Company
U.S. Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Woolworth
March 16, 1927
Allied
Chemical
American Can
American Car & Foundry
American Locomotive
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
General Electric
General Motors
International Harvester
Mack Trucks
Paramount Famous Lasky
Sears Roebuck & Co.
Texas Company
United Drug (replaces Remington Typewriter)
U.S.
Rubber
U.S. Steel
Western Union
Woolworth
On
October 1, 1928, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was expanded to include 30
stocks. A divisor was introduced to adjust for the effect of stock splits,
stock distributions, and stock substitutions on the Average.
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Atlantic Refining
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
General Electric
General Motors
General Railway Signal
Goodrich
International Harvester
International Nickel
Mack Trucks
Nash Motors
North American
Paramount Publix
Postum, Inc
Radio Corporation
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Texas Gulf Sulphur
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Victor Talking Machine
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
Wright Aeronautical
January
8, 1929
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Atlantic Refining
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
General Electric
General Motors
General Railway Signal
Goodrich
International Harvester
International Nickel
Mack Trucks
Nash Motors
National Cash Register (replaces Victor Talking Machine)
North American
Paramount Publix
Postum, Inc
Radio Corporation
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Texas Gulf Sulphur
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
Wright Aeronautical
The
list was revised in September 1929, and the stocks listed below are the
components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average when the market crashed on
October 29th, 1929.
September
14, 1929
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Atlantic Refining
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Curtiss-Wright (replaces Wright Aeronautical)
General Electric
General Foods (formerly Postum Inc.)
General Motors
General Railway Signal
Goodrich
International Harvester
International Nickel
Mack Trucks
Nash Motors
National Cash Register
North American
Paramount Publix
Radio Corporation
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Texas Gulf Sulphur
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
January
29, 1930
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Sugar
American Tobacco
Atlantic Refining
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Curtiss-Wright
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
General Railway Signal
Goodrich
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville (replaces North American)
Mack Trucks
Nash Motors
National Cash Register
Paramount Publix
Radio Corporation
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Texas Gulf Sulphur
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
July
1930
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
Bethlehem Steel
Borden (replaces American Sugar)
Chrysler
Eastman Kodak (replaces American Tobacco B)
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear (replaces Atlantic Refining)
Hudson Motor (replaces Curtiss-Wright)
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville
Liggett & Myers (replaces General Railway Signal)
Mack Trucks
National Cash Register
Paramount Publix
Radio Corporation
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California (replaces Goodrich)
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Texas Gulf Sulphur
Union Carbide
United Air Transport (replaces Nash Motors)
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
May
26, 1932
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Tobacco B (replaces Liggett & Myers)
Bethlehem Steel
Borden
Chrysler
Coca Cola (replaces Hudson Motor)
Drug Inc. (replaces Mack Trucks)
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines (replaces National Cash Register)
International Harvester
International Nickel
International Shoe (replaces Texas Gulf Sulphur)
Johns-Manville
Loew's (replaces Paramount Publix)
Nash Motors (replaces Radio Corp.)
Procter & Gamble (replaces United Air Transport)
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
August
15, 1933
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Borden
Chrysler
Coca Cola
Corn Products Refining (replaces Drug Inc.)
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville
Loew's
Nash Motors
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United
Aircraft (replaces International Shoe)
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
August
13, 1933
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Borden
Chrysler
Coca Cola
Corn Products Refining (replaces Drug Inc.)
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville
Loew's
Nash Motors
National Distillers (replaces United Aircraft)
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United
Aircraft (replaces International Shoe)
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
November
20, 1935
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Corn Products Refining
Du Pont (replaces Borden)
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville
Loew's
Nash Motors (renamed Nash Kelvinator on January 8, 1937)
National Distillers
National
Steel (replaces Coca Cola)
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
March
14, 1939
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Telephone & Telegraph (replaces International Business Machine)
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Corn Products Refining
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Harvester
International Nickel
Johns-Manville
Loew's
National Distillers
National Steel
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Aircraft (replaces Nash Kelvinator)
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
July
3, 1956
Allied
Chemical
Allied Can
American Smelting
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Corn Products Refining
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Harvester
International Nickel
International Paper (replaces Loew's Inc.)
Johns-Manville
National Distillers
National Steel
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Aircraft
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
June
1, 1959
Allied
Chemical
Aluminum Company Of America (replaces National Steel)
American Can
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco
Anaconda (replaces American Smelting)
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Harvester
International Nickel (name changed to Inco on April 21, 1976)
International Paper
Johns-Manville
Owen's-Illinois Glass (replaces National Distillers)
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Standard Oil (N.J.) (name changed to Exxon on November 1, 1972)
Swift & Co. (replaces Corn Products, name changed to Esmark on May 30,
1973)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Aircraft (name changed to United Technologies on May 1, 1975)
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
August
9, 1976
Allied
Chemical
Aluminum Company Of America
American Can
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Chrysler
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Esmark
Exxon
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Harvester
Inco
International Paper
Johns-Manville
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing (replaces Anaconda)
Owen's-Illinois Glass
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Technologies
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
June
29, 1979
Allied
Chemical
Aluminum Company Of America
American Can
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines (replaces Chrysler)
International Harvester
Inco
International Paper
Johns-Manville
Merck (replaces Esmark)
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Owen's-Illinois Glass
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Aircraft
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
August
30, 1982
Allied
Chemical (renamed Allied-Signal Inc. on September 19, 1985)
Aluminum Company Of America
American Can
American
Express Co. (replaces Manville Corp.)
American Telephone & Telegraph
American Tobacco B.
Bethlehem Steel
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Foods
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Harvester
Inco
International Paper
Merck
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Owen's-Illinois Glass
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Standard Oil of California (renamed Chevron on July 2, 1984)
Texas Corporation
Union Carbide
United Aircraft
U.S. Steel
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
October
30, 1985
Allied-Signal
Inc.
Aluminum Company Of America
American Can
American Express
American Telephone & Telegraph
Bethlehem Steel
Chevron Corporation
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Motors
Goodyear
Inco
International Business Machines
International Harvester (renamed Navistar International Corp. on February 20,
1986)
International Paper
McDonald's Corporation (replaces American Brands Inc.)
Merck & Company
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Owen's-Illinois
Philip Morris Companies (replaces General Foods Corp.)
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Texaco
Union Carbide
United Technologies
U.S. Steel (renamed USX Corp. on July 8, 1986)
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
March
12, 1987
Allied-Signal
Inc.
Aluminum Company Of America
American Can (name changed to Primerica Corp. on April 29, 1987. Primerica
Corp. merged into Commercial Credit Group Inc., which adopted the Primerica
Corporation's name, on December 16, 1988)
American Express
American Telephone & Telegraph
Bethlehem Steel
Boeing
Co. (replaces Inco Ltd.)
Chevron Corporation
Coca-Cola
Co. (replaces Owens-Illinois Inc.)
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Paper
McDonald's Corporation
Merck & Company
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Navistar
International Corp.
Philip Morris Companies
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Texaco
Union Carbide
United Technologies
USX Corporation
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
May
6, 1991
American
Telephone and Telegraph (renamed AT&T Corp. on April 20, 1994)
Allied-Signal (name changed to AlliedSignal Inc. on April 26, 1993)
Alcoa
American Express
Bethlehem Steel
Boeing
Caterpillar Inc. (replaces Navistar International Corp.)
Chevron Corporation
Coca Cola
Walt Disney Co. (replaces USX Corporation)
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Motors
Goodyear
International Business Machines
International Paper
McDonald's Corporation
Merck & Company
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Morgan J. P. (replaces Primerica Corp.)
Philip Morris Companies
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Texaco
Union Carbide
United Technologies
Westinghouse Electric
Woolworth
March
1997
AT&T
Allied-Signal
Aluminum Company of America (name changed to Alcoa, Inc. on January 4, 1999)
American Express
Boeing
Caterpillar
Chevron Corporation
Coca Cola
Disney
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon
General Electric
General Motors
Goodyear
Hewlett Packard
International Business Machines
International Paper
Johnson & Johnson
McDonald's Corporation
Merck & Company
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Morgan J. P.
Philip Morris Companies
Procter & Gamble
Sears Roebuck & Co
Travelers Group (name changed to Citigroup Inc. on October 18, 1998)
Union Carbide
United Technologies
Wal-Mart Stores (replaces Woolworth)
November
1, 1999
The
most recent change in the Dow Jones Industrial Average occurred on November 1,
1999. Here is the current list of the Dow Jones Industrial Average:
AT&T
Alcoa
American Express
Boeing
Caterpillar
Citigroup
Coca Cola
Disney
Du Pont
Eastman Kodak
Exxon (name changed to Exxon Mobil Corp. on December 1, 1999)
General Electric
General Motors
Hewlett Packard
Home Depot (replaces Sears, Roebuck and Co.)
Honeywell International Inc. (name changed to Allied Signal Inc. on December 2,
1999 after merging with Honeywell International)
Intel Corporation
International Business Machines
International Paper
Johnson & Johnson
McDonald's Corporation
Merck & Company
Microsoft Corporation
Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing
Morgan J. P. (name changed J. P. Morgan Chase and Co. on January 2, 2001 after
merging with Chase Manhattan Corp.)
Philip Morris Companies
Procter & Gamble
SBC Communications
United Technologies
Wal-Mart Stores