Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Nov 7;15(1):39065.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-25913-5.

Deep eutectic solvents and mango peel extract as active ingredients of Pva films

Katarzyna Łęczycka-Wilk  1 , Brian Kaczmarczyk  2 , Ewelina Jakubowska  2 , Karolina Rolińska  2 , Monika Janowicz  3 , Sabina Galus  3
Affiliations

Deep eutectic solvents and mango peel extract as active ingredients of Pva films

Katarzyna Łęczycka-Wilk et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Sustainable food packaging materials have gained significant attention due to environmental concerns and the necessity for functional packaging solutions. This study explores the development of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based films incorporating deep eutectic solvents (DES) and bioactive mango peel extract (MPE). The addition of DES enhances the mechanical and physicochemical properties of PVA films, while MPE provides antioxidant activity. The films were characterized for optical properties, barrier behavior, swelling capacity, and biological functionality. Incorporation of DES and MPE modified the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) from 23.5 for pure PVA to over 1000 g/m²/day, while swelling values ranged between 161 and 282%. Mechanical testing showed tensile strength values of 20-107 MPa with elongation at break between 10 and 417%, depending on film composition. Films containing MPE demonstrated effective UV-blocking ability and significantly enhanced antioxidant activity, with radical scavenging increasing from 17% in pure PVA to ~ 95%.

Keywords: Active packaging; Bioactive compounds; Deep eutectic solvents (DES); Food preservation; Green chemistry; Mango peel extract (MPE); Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Declaration of competing interest: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
WVTR results recorded for PVA-based films. Mean values with standard deviations. Different superscript letters (a-c) within the same column indicate significant differences between the films (p < 0.05).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Comparison of ([Image: see text]) OTR and ([Image: see text]) CO2TR results for PVA-based films. Mean values with standard deviations. Different superscript letters (a-c) within the same column indicate significant differences between the films (p < 0.05).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Thermogravimetric analysis results for the PVA-based films: ([Image: see text]) for the temperature at which a 5% mass loss is observed T5%, ([Image: see text]) for a 10% mass loss T10% and ([Image: see text]) for a 50% mass loss T50%.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
UV − Vis light transmittance spectra of: ([Image: see text]) PVA, ([Image: see text]) PVA/MPE, ([Image: see text]) PVA/CA/MPE, ([Image: see text]) PVA/MA/MPE and ([Image: see text]) PVA/GA/MPE films.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Antioxidant activity of PVA and PVA-based films by DPPH assay. Mean values with standard deviations. Different superscript letters (a-c) within the same column indicate significant differences between the films (p < 0.05).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
pH values of tomato juice in uncoated and coated cherry tomatoes throughout the storage period ([Image: see text]) day 0, ([Image: see text]) day 5, ([Image: see text]) day 12, ([Image: see text]) day 22.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Hussain, H. et al. Fruit peels: food waste as a valuable source of bioactive natural products for drug discovery. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol.44 (5), 1960–1994. 10.3390/cimb44050134 (2022). - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pathania, S. & Kaur, N. Utilization of fruits and vegetable By-Products for isolation of dietary fibres and its potential application as functional ingredients. Bioact Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre. 27, 100295. 10.1016/j.bcdf.2021.100295 (2022). - DOI
    1. Xie, D. et al. Developing active and intelligent biodegradable packaging from food waste and byproducts: A review of Sources, Properties, film production Methods, and their application in food preservation. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf.23 (3), e13334. 10.1111/1541-4337.13334 (2024). - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rifna, E. J., Misra, N. N. & Dwivedi, M. Recent advances in extraction technologies for recovery of bioactive compounds derived from fruit and vegetable waste peels: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.63 (6), 719–752. 10.1080/10408398.2021.1952923 (2023). - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kola, V. & Carvalho, I. S. Plant extracts as additives in biodegradable films and coatings in active food packaging. Food Biosci.54, 102860. 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102860 (2023). - DOI

LinkOut - more resources